Introduction: The Quick-Growing Power Pulse
Mung Bean, known locally as Moong, is one of the most important short-duration pulse crops in Bihar. It is prized for its quick maturity, nutritional value, and ability to fit into intensive cropping systems. It provides a crucial source of affordable protein and plays a key role in improving soil fertility.
1. Importance and Ranking
Key Pulse Crop: Moong is among the top three most cultivated pulses in Bihar, alongside Masoor (Lentil) and Urad (Black Gram).
Nutritional Powerhouse: Moong beans are a rich source of protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. They are easy to digest and form a staple in the daily diet, especially in the form of dal and sprouts.
Soil Health Improver: As a leguminous crop, it fixes atmospheric nitrogen in the soil, benefiting subsequent crops and reducing the need for chemical fertilizers.
2. Major Growing Regions
Moong is cultivated across Bihar, but its commercial production is concentrated in specific agro-climatic zones.
Mithila Region: Districts like Madhubani, Darbhanga, and Samastipur are significant producers.
Kosi Division: Districts such as Saharsa, Supaul, and Madhepura.
Other Districts: Cultivation is also prominent in Purnia, Katihar, Khagaria, and Bhagalpur.
3. Agro-Climatic Conditions and Varieties
Climate: Moong is a warm-season crop but is sensitive to extreme weather. It is typically grown in the Kharif (monsoon) season.
Ideal Temperature: 25°C – 35°C
It is sensitive to frost and waterlogging.
Soil: It performs best in well-drained, loamy to sandy loam soils. Good drainage is absolutely critical, as waterlogging can be fatal.
Cropping Systems:
Pure Crop: Grown exclusively in a field.
Intercropping: Very commonly intercropped with other Kharif crops like Pearl Millet (Bajra), Sorghum (Jowar), or Maize. This practice spreads risk and maximizes land use efficiency.
Popular Varieties:
Sona Moong: A high-yielding, disease-resistant variety.
Pusa Vishal, Pusa 9531, Pusa 9531
Local Landraces: Many farmers still cultivate traditional varieties adapted to local conditions.
4. The Cultivation Cycle
Sowing (June – July): Sowing is done with the onset of the monsoon rains, either by broadcasting or in rows.
Growing Period (July – September): The crop has a short duration of 60-70 days. This allows it to fit well into various crop rotations.
Harvesting (September – October): The crop is ready for harvest when the pods turn black or dark brown. The plants are either uprooted or cut close to the ground.
Threshing & Winnowing: The dried plants are beaten to separate the grains from the pods. This is often done by trampling under bullocks or using mechanical threshers.
5. Economic and Culinary Importance
Staple Food: Moong is a fundamental ingredient in Bihari cuisine. It is used to make:
Dal: The split and dehusked form (Moong Dal) is used to make a nutritious lentil soup.
Sprouts: A popular and healthy snack or addition to meals.
Papad (Papadum): A popular thin, crisp discus.
Economic Security for Farmers: Its short duration and high market demand make it a reliable source of quick income for small and marginal farmers.
Price Stability: As an essential commodity, it often has a stable and remunerative price, though it can be subject to fluctuations.
6. Major Challenges
Moong cultivation in Bihar faces several significant challenges:
Pest Infestations:
Whitefly: A major pest that sucks sap and acts as a vector for the deadly Yellow Mosaic Virus (YMV).
Pod Borer: Larvae bore into the pods and feed on the developing seeds.
Jassids: Sap-sucking insects that can stunt growth.
Diseases:
Yellow Mosaic Virus (YMV): This is the most destructive disease. It causes yellowing of leaves, stunting, and drastic yield loss. It is transmitted by whiteflies.
Leaf Curl Virus: Another viral disease that can cause significant damage.
Cercospora Leaf Spot: A fungal disease that affects the leaves.
Erratic Monsoon: Delayed rains, long dry spells, or unseasonal rains during flowering or harvesting can severely impact yield.
Lack of Improved Seeds: Access to certified, disease-resistant seeds is often limited, leading to lower productivity.
Government Initiatives and The Way Forward
Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Promotion of IPM strategies to control whiteflies and other pests, including the use of yellow sticky traps, bio-pesticides, and need-based insecticide application.
Distribution of Resistant Varieties: Dissemination of high-yielding, YMV-resistant varieties to farmers.
National Food Security Mission (NFSM)-Pulses: This government scheme provides support for quality seeds, seed treatment, and micronutrients to enhance productivity.
Awareness and Training: Educating farmers on improved agronomic practices, including proper sowing time, spacing, and water management.
Conclusion
The Mung Bean is a cornerstone of nutrition and sustainable agriculture in Bihar. Its ability to provide a quick, protein-rich harvest makes it indispensable for both the plate and the farmer’s pocket. While the threat from the Yellow Mosaic Virus and other pests is formidable, the combination of improved, resistant varieties and scientific farming practices is key to stabilizing and increasing Moong production. By strengthening the supply chain and ensuring fair prices, Bihar can continue to rely on this vital pulse to nourish its population and support its farming community.
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